# Martijho-PathNet-thesis

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 Versjonen fra 22. mar 2018 kl. 11:45 (vis kilde) (→Machine Learning)← Eldre redigering Versjonen fra 22. mar 2018 kl. 12:03 (vis kilde) (→Deep Learning)Nyere redigering → Linje 160: Linje 160: == Deep Learning == == Deep Learning == - * Feature extraction + insert from essay - ** Bigger black box + * multiple network architectures that fall in DNN. Later years multitude with different applicability have been used commercially and in research - * Network designs + * Architectures depend on input type, problems they are applied to and resource limitations. + + === Transfer learning === + * Training in DNNS take time. Transfer learning as method of reusing models for different tasks. + * Train model on one set of data for one task, reuse the trained weights as starting point for training + * usually randomly initialized weights as starting point. + * It is shown that reusing weights in similar tasks and training weights on new data yields better results in some cases. + * Reduces needed training data. + * Can pretrain some model on f.eks image data and provide a pretrained model that can be reused and adapted quickly to smaller datasets without immense computational resources needed. + * DEFINITION FROM ESSAY + :We can define transfer learning as trying to learn a target conditional probability distribution $$P(Y_t|X_t)$$ within a domain $$\mathcal{D}_t$$, based on information gained from learning a source task $$\mathcal{T}_s$$ in the source domain $$\mathcal{D}_s$$ where $$\mathcal{D}_s \neq \mathcal{D}_t$$ and $$\mathcal{T}_s \neq \mathcal{T}_t$$. A domain $$\mathcal{D}$$ would then, in a typical classification example, be given as $$\mathcal{D} = \{X, P(X)\}$$ where $$X = x_1,x_2, \dotsc ,x_n$$ are sampled from the feature space $$\mathcal{X}$$ and $$P(X)$$ is a probability distribution over that space. The task $$\mathcal{T}$$ in that domain would then consist of a label space $$\mathcal{Y}$$ and the conditional probability distribution $$P(Y|X)$$ which usually is approximated during training on a set of $$x_i, y_i$$ pairs where $$x_i \in \mathcal{X}$$ and $$y_i \in \mathcal{Y}$$. + * Multiple techniques + ** * Transfer learning * Transfer learning ** What is it? ** What is it? Linje 180: Linje 192: * Super Neural Networks * Super Neural Networks ** What are they? ** What are they? - == Evolutionary algorithms == == Evolutionary algorithms ==

## Versjonen fra 22. mar 2018 kl. 12:03

Notes
Experiments repicable? What to do to get same results?
Conclusion/end of thesis/ "what could be better?" section: Simplify experiment 2 with fewer algorithms and harder problems
Find all changes made to original implementation

# Opening

## Abstract

• What is all this about?
• Why should I read this thesis?
• Is it any good?
• What's new?

## Acknowledgements

• Who funded this work?
• What's the name of your favorite pet?

# Introduction

More on multi task learning More on transfer learning

How is it a human brain is seemingly capable of learning an endless amount of tasks? Is it truly endless? Could we incorporate the same effect in our artificial minds?
Biology and nature have always been imitated in art and the sciences, but over the years the imitations are growing increasingly better. Artificial Intelligence and its sub-field of Machine Learning is one of these areas. The fields rapid growth in popularity the later years have yielded multiple advances[CITATION NEEDED] . While some of the advances are building such technologies as self driving cars, others are focused on working towards a ultimate goal of reaching Artificial General Intelligence(AGI). A system capable of not only human-level performance in one field but able to generalize across a vast number of domains.
In the quest for a artificial general intelligence agent, while there might be disagreement on what sub-fields of AI are the most important for this endeavor, improving on current learning systems is considered a good start\cite{mlroadmap}.
This thesis will attempt to shed light on a subfield of machine learning called transfer learning, and a structure developed to take advantage of the gain this technique called PathNet.

## Raise problem: catastrophic forgetting.

Multiple solutions (PNN, PN, EWC)

• Large structures (PNN, PN)
• Limited in number of tasks it can retains(EWC)

Optimize reuse of knowledge while still providing valid solutions to tasks. More reuse and limited capacity use will increase amount of task a structure can learn.

where do i start?

Question DeepMind left unanswered is how different GAs influence task learning and module reuse. Exploration vs exploitation\ref{theoretic background on topic}

why this?

broad answers first, specify later. We know PN works. would it work better for different algorithms? logical next step from original paper "unit of evolution"

## Problem/hypothesis

• What do modular PN training do with the knowledge?
• More/less accuracy?
• More/less transferability?

Test by learning in end-to-end first then PN search. Difference in performance or reuse?

• Can we make reuse easier by shifting focus of search algorithm?
• PN original: Naive search. Higher exploitation improve on module selection?

## How to answer?

• Set up simple multitask scenarios and try.
• 2 tasks where first are end to end vs PN
• List algorithms with different selection pressure and try on multiple tasks.

# Theoretical Background

## Machine Learning

Supervised learning Based on the structure of the brain image of dendrite vs artificial neuron weights/parameters and a bias (x1*w1 +x2*w2 ... + bias) summed then activation function - activation not discussed in depth here - Using two: rectified linear unit (ReLU) and softmax which scales output to have a sum of 1 so it can be used as a probability estimate - softmax is the generalization of binary logistic regression to multiple classes. - regression/classification feedforward image of connections loss function(cost/error) calculate calculates the difference between expected output and target output ref to experiments cross-entropy not going in detail. well suited with softmax activation (ref http://cs231n.github.io/linear-classify/) goal is to minimize the cross-entropy function for the dataset [X, Y]. Driving force is the backpropagation and the optimization algorithm which is used to calculates a gradient for all weights in the neural network and update the weights accordingly Many optimization algorithms, most common is gradient descent. Not diving into details here. using stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and Adaptive Moment Estimation (ADAM) [\ref{sgd}\ref{adam}] NNs function estimation properties used in reinforcement learning, regression but here used for classification purpose. final layer softmax-output to estimate the probability of class label, therefore, outputs vector of values [0, 1] where index of largest value selected as label. image classification is done based on input pixel values NNs bad at this as images class manifold can be highly complex (ref transition between binary and quinary mnist) convolutional operations. inputs image and performs convolutional operation on image and a kernel of weights. outputs what is called feature map. as with NN each pixes here is simple combination of multiplications and summing but each pixel in feature map contains info about the local spatial area the kernel covered. control this spatial area with kernel size and stride (jumps made by kernel). convlayers channels specify the number of kernels run over the image. One output channel for each kernel. normal to stack layers of convoperations in a network to generalize to the images given. Each layer contain a abstractation level and outputs a feature map. called Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) \ref{exp1.b exp2} For each level feature map is reduced in spatial image dimentions but increased in channels. usually for image classification, feature map is flattened at some point and ran through a fully connected classification layer which learns the features of the image. The convolutional operations in this case can be called feature extraction.

## Deep Learning

insert from essay

• multiple network architectures that fall in DNN. Later years multitude with different applicability have been used commercially and in research
• Architectures depend on input type, problems they are applied to and resource limitations.

### Transfer learning

• Training in DNNS take time. Transfer learning as method of reusing models for different tasks.
• Train model on one set of data for one task, reuse the trained weights as starting point for training
• usually randomly initialized weights as starting point.
• It is shown that reusing weights in similar tasks and training weights on new data yields better results in some cases.
• Reduces needed training data.
• Can pretrain some model on f.eks image data and provide a pretrained model that can be reused and adapted quickly to smaller datasets without immense computational resources needed.
• DEFINITION FROM ESSAY
We can define transfer learning as trying to learn a target conditional probability distribution $$P(Y_t|X_t)$$ within a domain $$\mathcal{D}_t$$, based on information gained from learning a source task $$\mathcal{T}_s$$ in the source domain $$\mathcal{D}_s$$ where $$\mathcal{D}_s \neq \mathcal{D}_t$$ and $$\mathcal{T}_s \neq \mathcal{T}_t$$. A domain $$\mathcal{D}$$ would then, in a typical classification example, be given as $$\mathcal{D} = \{X, P(X)\}$$ where $$X = x_1,x_2, \dotsc ,x_n$$ are sampled from the feature space $$\mathcal{X}$$ and $$P(X)$$ is a probability distribution over that space. The task $$\mathcal{T}$$ in that domain would then consist of a label space $$\mathcal{Y}$$ and the conditional probability distribution $$P(Y|X)$$ which usually is approximated during training on a set of $$x_i, y_i$$ pairs where $$x_i \in \mathcal{X}$$ and $$y_i \in \mathcal{Y}$$.
• Multiple techniques
• Transfer learning
• What is it?
• Why do it?
• How do it?
• TL in CNNs
• Who have done it?
• Results?
• Gabor approximation
• Curriculum Learning
• ref to motivation behind task ordering in exp2
• Catastrophic forgetting
• EWC
• PNN
• PathNet
• Super Neural Networks
• What are they?

## Evolutionary algorithms

• What is it? Where does it come from?
• Exploration vs Exploitation
• ref experiments (formulated in the context of this trade-off)
• Terms used in the evolutionary programming context
• Population
• Genotype and genome
• Fitness-function
• selection
• recombination
• generation
• mutation
• population diversity and convergence
• Some types
• GA
• Evolutionary searches
• short. Straight into tournament search
• Tournament search
• How it works, what are the steps?
• Selection pressure (in larger context of EAs and then tournament search)
• ref to search

# Implementation

EDIT NOTE: Limit overlap in implementation details between this chapter and experimentation implementation. Build up a base that can be built on in chapter 4 and 5.

## Python implementation

• why python?
• Problems:
• Not quick to run
• Pros:
• Quick to prototype in
• Generally good to debug
• Multiple good tools for machine learning
• \cite{tensorflow}
• \cite{keras}
• Why are these good?
• Other packages
• Matplotlib (visualization)
• Numpy (math stuffs)
• Pickle (data logging)
• code structure
• Object oriented
• Easily parameterizable for ease of prototyping pathnet structures
• Class structure:
• Modules
• Layers
• PathNet
• Functionality for
• Building random paths
• Creating keras models
• static methods for creating pathnet structures
• reset backend session
• Taks
• Search
• Plot generating
• Training on gpu
• Quicker in general for ML
• This implementation do lots on CPU
• Other implementations could take advantage of customizing layers and models in keras.
• Noteable differences in implementation
• Keras implementasjon
• Path fitness not negative error but accuracy
• exp 2: fitness calculated before evaluation (not same step)
• Not added any noise to training data
• Implementation problems
• Tensorflow sessions not made for using multiple graphs
• Resetting backend session after a number of models are made
• Tensorflow-gpus default is using all gpu memory it can
• Limiting data allocation to scale when needed
• Tensorflow session does not free allocated memory before python thread is done.
• Run all experiments through treads.
• Code available on github

## Datasets

### SVHN

The sample distribution on each class follows Benfords law, which can be expected from a natural dataset such as this.

• Data type
• Use cases and citations
• How does the data look?
• set sizes and class distributions
• state of the art and human level performance

## Search implementation

• functions. callback to theoretical background and GA buzzwords
• parameterization

# Discussion

Are your results satisfactory? Can they be improved? Is there a need for improvement? Are other approaches worth trying out? Will some restriction be lifted? Will you save the world with your Nifty Gadget?

## Discussion

Discussion of the accuracy and relevance of the results; comparison with other researchers results. \subsection{Common errors} Too far reaching conclusions; guesswork not supported by the data; introduction of a new problem and a discussion around this.

## Conclusion

Consequences of the achieved results, for example for new research, theory and applications.

### Common errors

The conclusions are too far reaching with respect to the achieved results; the conclusions do not correspond with the purpose